This week, Kenneth Anderson, MA, explores MRI and brain shrinkage research in part 2 of the series, "Does Alcohol Kill Braincells?" Part 1 can be found here. By Kenneth Anderson, MA A 2001 study by Kubota et al. performed MRIs on 1,432 employees and family members (1,061 men and 371 women) of a large Japanese corporation to investigate shrinkage of the frontal lobe of the brain. Subjects were each categorized by their drinking status (abstainers, light drinkers, moderate drinkers, heavy drinkers), age (30s, 40s, 50s, or 60s), and brain shrinkage (shrunken, not shrunken). Heavy drinkers were classified as those who drank 350 grams of ethanol (25 US standard drinks) or more per week. There were no significant differences between the abstainers, light drinkers, and moderate drinkers ...

Does Alcohol Kill Brain Cells? Part One: Post-Mortem Brain Research By Kenneth Anderson, MA It is a commonly held belief that alcohol kills brain cells; however, is there any truth to this belief, or is it simply a myth? While it is clear that pathological conditions such as Korsakoff's syndrome or alcohol-related dementia result in the death of brain cells, these conditions are not due to the direct effect of alcohol. Therefore, this blog post will not look at pathological conditions such as Korsakoff's syndrome or alcohol-related dementia which are due to other factors in addition to alcohol, such as nutritional deficiencies. Instead, we will limit our discussion strictly to the direct effects of alcohol on the brain. Korsakoff's syndrome or alcohol-related dementia are somewha...

The Differences Between Moderate Drinking Programs and Harm Reduction Programs Part 2: Harm Reduction Programs, and How and Why I Created HAMS By Kenneth Anderson, MA The Backstory I first attended an MM meeting in Minneapolis, Minnesota in June of 1998; this was immediately after the great storm of May 30, 1998, which had knocked out power lines and even traffic lights throughout the Twin Cities area and had hit the suburbs even worse. I was the only one to show up at this meeting, but I tried again the following week. The following week there were only two people at the Minneapolis MM meeting: me and Audrey Kishline. I actually did not realize that I was talking to the founder until the end of the meeting when she lent me a copy of the MM handbook and I saw her picture on the ...

The Differences Between Moderate Drinking Programs and Harm Reduction Programs Part 1: Moderation Drinking Programs and Moderation Management By Kenneth Anderson, MA Moderate drinking programs and harm reduction programs start from opposite assumptions and wind up in very different places. This doesn't necessarily make one type of program better than the other--different people will find different programs to be a good fit. A Brief Overview of Harm Reduction Programs Harm reduction programs start from the assumption that the more harm there is associated with behavior such as the use of a substance, the more the person who engages in that behavior can benefit from harm reduction services. Harm reduction services are low-threshold and are provided unconditionally. For example,...

By Kenneth Anderson, MA Alcohol and the Cerebellum Some drugs like opioids, benzodiazepines, and amphetamines have been called chemical scalpels because each affects only a single neurotransmitter system. Alcohol, on the other hand, is a dirty drug which affects large numbers of neurotransmitter systems, including GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), glutamate, and dopamine. Hence, alcohol has been referred to as a chemical hand grenade. In this post, we will be looking at alcohol's effects on the GABA system to see how it causes staggering (aka ataxic gait) and slurring of speech (dysarthrias), sedation, and memory loss. First, let's take a look at the GABA receptors. Although there is only one type of GABA, there are two types of GABA receptors: type A, which are known as GABA-A recep...

By Kenneth Anderson, MA Normal and Retrograde Neurotransmission Delta-9 THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol) are the two most commonly found cannabinoids in the cannabis plant. The plant contains over 100 other cannabinoids as well. THC and CBD both affect the endocannabinoid system. "Endo-" is a Greek prefix meaning "inside." "Endocannabinoid system" refers to all the systems of the body which contain cannabinoid receptors and are affected by cannabinoids. We will be primarily focused on the effects of cannabinoids in the central nervous system, and on the CB1 receptor, which is the main cannabinoid receptor there. Drugs like THC can affect the central nervous system because there are also naturally occurring cannabinoids in the central nervous system, the endo...

By Kenneth Anderson, MA Alcohol treatment wasn't always divorced from alcohol science; the divorce between the two can be largely laid at the feet of Hazelden CEO Daniel John "Dan" Anderson, PhD (Mar 30, 1921 - Feb 19, 2003). Anderson's attitude towards science was one of hubris and arrogance. The History of Alcohol Treatment in the United States Treatment for alcohol problems in the United States occurred in two major waves: The first was prior to Prohibition (January 17, 1920), and the second followed Repeal (December 5, 1933). Demand for alcohol treatment dried up almost completely during the period from 1915 to 1920 due to state and local prohibition laws, the so-called Wartime Prohibition Act, and other factors, and all but a handful of alcohol treatment facilities had shut do...

By John de Miranda Innovation does not come quickly or easily to the addiction treatment sector. For example, harm reduction strategies had been employed in the public health sector for decades before their recent adoption by the federal government as a latecomer to fighting our nation’s opioid epidemic. Similarly, the Minnesota Model of addiction treatment, which emerged in the 1950s, still accounts for the model preferred by the majority of treatment programs. At its core, this approach draws heavily from 12-step ideology and requires a commitment to abstinence as the key focus of treatment goals. “If you have had enough and are ready to quit, then we can help you,” is the metamessage sent to potential clients by most addiction treatment programs. The problem with this approa...

By Kenneth Anderson, MA The history of alcohol treatment since the 1960s has been a history of practitioners ignoring science and the scientific method and forming conclusions based on observations of clinical populations without testing hypotheses, then self-publishing these hypotheses or publishing them in the popular press rather than in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Some of the most notorious examples of this are Hazelden and the Johnson Institute, which will be discussed in later blog posts. Another notorious example is Lakeside Milam, founded by James Robert Milam (Mar 3, 1922 - May 6, 2016). This is a far cry from Shadel Sanitarium, which meticulously published its data in peer-reviewed journals in the 1940s and 50s. James Robert Milam Milam was born in the state of Was...

By Kenneth Anderson, MA The Wegscheider-Cruse Family Roles Theory is one example of how “chemical dependency” treatment does not have the firm scientific foundation that it is suggested to have. Despite this lack of foundation, to become a certified addiction counselor today one must study Wegscheider-Cruse's theory. Below I present the history of the development of this theory, and some of the specific problems with it. Sharon Wegscheider-Cruse Behind the Wegscheider-Cruse Family Roles Theory was Sharon Wegscheider-Cruse (Nov 16, 1938 - living), born Sharon Rae Roelandt in Jasper, Minnesota, the daughter of Emil Leonard Roelandt (Jan 19, 1915 - Dec 24, 1961) and Marjorie Annadell Roelandt nee Olson (Aug 7, 1919 - Aug 11, 1986). The Roelandts were Catholic, and Sharon attended Cath...